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Factors responsible for Mughal decline and the successor state of Bengal

  Introduction: - The 18th century India has been looked by many scholars as a period of Mughal decline and political transition, fragmentation of power and rise of regional states etc. highlighting their characteristics but earlier it was limited only to decline. This period marked the rise of regional powers which were characterized by political and economic growth, re-distribution of power and increasing role of foreign powers like British and French in Indian Polity. Many historians argues that decline of Mughals started in the late years of Aurangzeb’s reign; due to his policy measures as J.F. Richards mentions economic crisis caused due to Aurangzeb’s wars in the Deccan regions which obstructed the collection of revenue and also led to diversion of resources to fund the wars. The internal strife in the Imperial court leading to political crisis caused due to wars of succession. So, here in the essay we will look towards some of the theories related to Mughal decline and also ...

Do we have any Hindu or Islamic Architecture, or it is Indian Architecture?

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  In    Introduction: - Medieval India is a period which witnessed many political, cultural and economic currents and shifts resulting in collaboration of two cultures, which were not completely alien to each other. One impact that this collaboration left can be seen on in the form of Indian architecture. Here in the essay, we will look at Indo-Islamic architecture in the context of Delhi Sultanate and Vijayanagar Empire which were contemporary to each other but situated at different locations geographically, Delhi sultunate in Northern India and Vijaynagar empire in Southern India. There are some architectural influences of Hindu or Indic characteristics on the Sultanate architecture in the form of motifs and architectural features like use of lintel and beam etc. where as we can observe Islamic influences on Vijayanagar’s architecture as well.                    Background: - The Sultanate of Delhi was established by Qut...

The Indian conception of 'Medieval Era'

  Introduction: - As we all know that history is about interpretation of events, texts, dynasty and empires in context of their rulers, policies, and cultures etc. thus, the division and categories under which history is kept is also contentious where historians have conceptualized this category i.e., of ‘ancient, medieval and modern’ in their ways through varied perspectives. When it comes to South Asian history and Indian history in particular the division of Indian history was first done by British colonizers on sectorial basis relating Ancient to Hinduism, Medieval to Islamic rule and Modern to British Era. Although this division has its own flaws but it impacted Indian history for a long time and even today. However, many contrary conceptualizations also developed with time like socio-economic, political perspectives and so on. Here in this essay, we will look at some of these interpretations done by historians for the medieval history. Definition and re-definitions of the ‘m...

East Asian societies during Qing, Choson and Tokugawa dynasties. Article-2

 East Asian societies during Qing dynasty, Choson dynasty, Tokugawa dynasty had been very much stratified and discriminatory in nature towards women and commoners. These stratified class divisions had sub-divisions in them. They were patriarchal in nature and women had very little or no social exposure. However, with some later developments they got very minimum exposure to the society and families also had a hierarchical structure between themselves.                                             The Qing dynasty or Manchu dynasty ruled china from 1644 to 1912. Since, they were considered as outsiders by the Chinese population, they adopted ways to potentialize and strengthen their rule in china. They used a ‘Banner system’ to separate themselves from the Chinese populat...

This is another series where we will look towards some of the subjects related to East Asia China, Korea and Japan. The Philosophy of Confucianism. Article-1

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 “The man who asks a question is a fool for a minute, the man who does not ask is a fool for a life.”                                                                                                       -Confucius Confucianism is a philosophy, a set of virtues and norms for human society to develop itself morally, ethically and strengthen politically. Though it emerged in china but it has its extent to other major east Asian countries as well like Korea and Japan from ancient times till now even after modernization.                         Confucius was born in China around 551BC in the state of Lu to a low r...